Students can use the measured discharge, which is the total discharge from the reservoir downstream, to inversely calibrate the initial guess of hydraulic conductivity. The manual trial-and-error approach not only improves the match but also provides key insights into how the groundwater system behaves. The reader could check the latest work on groundwater modeling via spreadsheets by Gómez-Hernández . Box 3 is a sample assignment for a groundwater modeling class at the graduate level. For example, Rahn and Davis developed an on-campus operational well field consisting of a main pumping well and 14 observation wells for well hydraulic tests at SDSMT.

• Of course that macro only plots the head lines, as it is the head that follows the Laplace’s equation.
• Since the boundary conditions of the majority of “real” structures are complex, an analytical or closed-form solution cannot be obtained for these structures.
• The area between two flow lines is called a flow channel .
• With a spreadsheet and the sand-tank model, students can build a simple finite-difference model without working on special numerical modeling software.
• From the drawn flow net, Nf and Nd can be easily counted, and hence, the seepage discharge can be easily computed by using Eqn.

The seepage discharge through all the flow channels is the same. From the derivations and two inferences can be drawn for a flownet with elementary square fields. Examinations of the foundations of important hydraulic structures.

Flow net results

Note that this problem has symmetry, and only the left or right portions of it needed to have been done. To create a flow net to a point sink , there must be a recharge boundary nearby to provide water and allow a steady-state flowfield to develop. • The stream lines in flow net show the direction of flow and the equinoctial lines join the points the equal velocity potential Φ.

The flow line is divided into a number of squares and equipotential lines are projected outwards into second flow line. Weirs designed and constructed on the basis of Bligh’s theory also failed due to undermining of the subsoil. As a result it was thought essential to study the problem of weirs on the permeable foundations more elaborately. Theory of flownets provides a remarkable solution to the problem. Draw a coarse net which is consistent with the boundary conditions and which has orthogonal equipotential and flow lines.

Flow Rate

Let F1 and F2 be the force exerted by the seeping water respectively on the upstream and downstream faces of the elements. The procedure is continued until the last flow line is formed. This line must consist of squares and satisfy the boundary conditions otherwise, the first flow line has to be repositioned drawing flow nets and the whole procedure is repeated. The second flow line is drawn to form the squares of, the second flow line Some of the squares may, however be quite irregular. The boundary between soil and water is an equipotential line. The same potential drop occurs between two successive equipotential lines.

The long flow line is indicated by the impervious stratum NP. Sketch a series of flow lines and then sketch an appropriate number of equipotential lines such that the area between a pair of flow lines and a pair of equipotential lines is approximately a curvilinear square. You would have to adjust the flow lines and equipotential lines to make curvilinear squares. You should check that the average width and the average length of a cell are approximately equal by drawing an inscribed circle.

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